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More important than food and perhaps even more important than fire, water is necessary for survival. Maybe it is obvious, but our bodies are comprised of a lot of it.
You can harvest water in a variety of ways. Unless you live in Michigan (the Great Lakes State) or Minnesota (Land of 10,000 Lakes) or such locales where ponds and lakes are prevalent, free-flowing water may not always be readily available. Standing water can be a bit sketchy, so if you don't have a kit to test or a way to purify, you need to seek it elsewhere.
Plants are some of the easiest to locate and most reliable sources of clean water. Many of them hold droplets of rain on the leaves and others house plenty of moisture in their stems.
Avoid drinking from storm drains, sewers, and puddles with rainbow sheen. Not all that is wet is water, so use your other senses to help determine whether or not it is in fact water.
If a plant is growing in soil that is near urban areas, the ground water may be contaminated. In this case, the more rustic the venue the better your chances are of finding healthier sources. Of course, this works to your advantage - if you are in a survival situation, you are probably pretty far out in the wild anyway.
Use caution when acquiring water from plants in the wild. If you aren't sure whether or not a plant is poisonous or not, don't use it. Remember the unfortunate kid at summer camp that ran through the poison ivy in shorts? Now imagine trying to scratch the back of your throat when it itches!
More often than not, you may be able to trust grapevines, birch tree sap, maple tree sap, and thistles. Some plants look like other plants that you really don't want to use for water collection. Grapevines have a poisonous look-alike, the Canada Moonseed vine, so be careful.
Instead of pressing your luck by squeezing what may or may not be grapevines, press the wood fibers of birch trees in your fist and point your thumb towards your open mouth.
Remember: water can be acquired from a variety of natural sources, but use your better judgment and never assume.
A camping holiday can be fun for the entire family. They provide an opportunity to commune with nature and have quality bonding time with the family. Planning and preparation is key to ensuring you have what you need for your outdoor vacation. Bringing too little with you may leave you with not enough of the camping essentials while bringing too much may make it impossible to carry everything on your back.
If you'll need your own shelter then choose a tent that is an adequate size and is easy to assemble. Look for a sturdy tent made of waterproof material. The more elaborate, the more assembly time and effort is usually required. Consider purchasing a self-assembling tent that has a collapsible frame all in one unit. It will save time putting up and taking down.
"Roughing it" doesn't mean you have to sleep on the bare ground. Purchase an inflatable mattress and a comfortable sleeping bag. If you're hiking with your gear then buy a lightweight yet well insulated sleeping bag and a sleeping mat to sleep on. If you'll be sleeping in cold weather then spend the money to get a well insulated sleeping bag; it will be well worth the investment.
Camping doesn't mean you also have to eat cold, pre-packaged food. Bring a cooking stove and some basic cooking utensils. Bring just enough to get by especially if you'll be hiking with your gear.
Make sure you take a first aid kit that contains the necessities. You'll need various sized bandages and antibacterial cream or spray. Ibuprofen is a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory so it's a beneficial to stock your kit with a bottle. Also bring some anti-histamine; not only is it good for treating allergies but also as an itch reliever.
Insect repellent is important as well as sun block. Bring some basic tools such as scissors and a Swiss Amy knife. Bring a flashlight which comes in handy for walks at night and when looking for something in your tent. Cleansing towelettes are useful for cleaning soiled hands and small scrapes. Also do remember to carry a map of Alicante, or wherever it is that you are going.
Most campsites have a water supply but if you prefer purified water then you'll need to bring in your own. Bottled water also comes in handy for cleaning first aid cuts and scrapes.
Don't over pack especially if you'll be hiking with your camping gear. Give yourself plenty of time to pack and plan and bring only the essentials.
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Winter hiking can be a tranquil even surreal experience when done properly. The peace of walking through cold and wintry scenes captured in the outdoors is considered by many to be a great way to spend a day. Additional precautions are needed when hiking in the winter, however, as winter weather can create a number of issues not typically a problem in the summer. It is important to protect yourself from both colder temperatures and potential winter hazards this time of year. Making sure that you have the right equipment for your hike and taking extra time planning so that you can avoid many potentially dangerous situations are important to winter hiking safety.
Essential Equipment
Proper equipment is a winter hiking essential. Your biggest priorities are going to be making sure that you have light and warmth when you need it, as well as food and water to keep you from becoming dehydrated or hungry. A basic multipurpose tool or a pocket knife is important for any hiking situation. A small first aid kit is too. LED flashlights are the smartest choice for a light source. They use very little energy (batteries) and therefore will last much longer than a standard light. Pack both thermal blankets and chemical heat packs to ensure that you and your companions will be able to stay warm enough if caught out in unexpected bad weather. If you'll be camping during your hike, invest in a sleeping bag that's designed to keep you warm in low temperatures. Make sure that you pack all of the necessary equipment that you would bring in warmer weather, and be sure that you put an extra emphasis on safety and first aid.
Careful Planning
When you're planning your hiking trip, take extra time to plan out your route. Do your research and see if you can find out about any safety advisories in the area where you want to hike, and adjust your equipment list as needed to accommodate for any special circumstances that you might encounter based on these warnings. If you're planning a multi-day hiking trip, you might want to have an LED flashlight that has a lantern function as well so that you can illuminate larger areas with it. Begin watching weather reports several days in advance of when your trip is planned for so that you can make any necessary adjustments to your plans. Once your plan is set, make sure you notify two to three people of your expected route and plans for return so they can alert the proper authorities if you do not return as scheduled.
Being Mindful of Temperature
Temperatures often drop quickly during the winter, and it can be very easy to underestimate the effects of these temperature shifts. You must also be mindful of the amount of sweat that your body can produce even in cold weather, as it can not only lead to you having wet clothes and skin in cold weather but you can also be in danger of dehydration. Quickly dropping temperatures can increase your likelihood of becoming sick and can also put you at risk for hypothermia. Because of this, in addition to any blankets or heat packs that you bring, it's important that you dress appropriately for the projected temperatures on the day or days that you'll be hiking. Dress in layers and bring extra shirts, jackets, pants, or other clothing that can be added with relative ease if necessary.
~Ben Anton, 2008
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For dayhikes on an urban path or on a heavily traveled and nicely groomed trail, your only concern may be having a bottle of water with you. But when you head out into the backcountry for an extended dayhike, you'll want to be prepared with a few extra items. What has become known within the hiking community as the "Ten Essentials" was first popularized in the 1930s by a climbing and adventuring group called The Mountaineers. Recently The Mountaineers have updated the classic list from one based on individual items to one based on "systems." For instance, instead of listing map and compass separately, those items are now included in the "navigation" system.
You may think you don't need to carry anything special if you're only going to be out hiking for a day, but the fact is anything can happen out there. Simply tripping over a rock could turn your happy-go-lucky dayhike into an overnight emergency. The point behind the ten essentials is to make sure you have the ability to deal with unexpected situations. Sure, you may not need some of the items, but in the case where you do, you'll be glad you were prepared.
Navigation. Tops on the list are a map and compass so you can find your way back if you lose the trail. Simple line-drawn maps showing only the trail won't help you if you somehow stray off the path. Carry a topographic map, waterproof or protected from dampness, that shows route-finding details. It will show elevations, maybe roads, and other topographic features, and in conjunction with a compass will help you locate yourself.
An altimeter uses barometric pressure to give an estimate of your elevation. Used with the elevation markings on the topographic map, it can help you determine where you are. You can also carry a GPS if you want, but don't forget that batteries can and do go dead.
Sun Protection. This is something you should be using anyway. Wear sunglasses to protect your eyes. If you're going to be hiking on snow or ice, use glacier glasses with wraparound lenses to prevent prolonged glare from causing snow blindness.
Carry and use sunscreen and lip balm with at least SPF 15. And don't be sparing. A thick covering provides the most protection, and it should be reapplied every two hours.
The best sun protection is clothing. There are lightweight synthetics that provide ultraviolet protection.
Insulation. Weather can change rapidly, and if an accident keeps you out unexpectedly overnight, a whole new weather system could move in. Don't be caught unprepared. If you get wet, hypothermia can set in at much warmer temperatures than you might think, especially if you're tired, hungry, and stressed. Carry an extra layer of clothing in a synthetic fabric. Do not wear cotton, as it does not have any insulation value when wet. It's important to have a hat, too, because so much body heat is lost through the head.
Illumination. If you get stuck in the backcountry overnight, or misjudge your return time, you'll be glad to have a flashlight. LEDs are rugged and long-lasting, so they are good for outdoor activities. Headlamps are excellent because they are light and compact, have a long battery life, and free your hands for other things. Always carry spare batteries for your light.
First-aid. You can obtain a ready-made first-aid kit or assemble your own. At the least, it should contain a variety of adhesive bandages, gauze pads, adhesive tape, disinfecting ointment, blister treatment, and pain medication.
Fire. In a cold, wet emergency situation, it's good to be able to build a fire for warmth. Carry waterproof matches and some firestarter. Firestarter will light easily and stay lit long enough for your other fire materials to ignite. Some options are chunks of candles, dryer lint soaked in petroleum jelly, or just some dry tinder kept dry in a plastic bag. If all the wood you can find is too wet to light, look under logs for dry duff or use tiny twigs from resinous pine or fir trees to get things going.
Repair Kit and Tools. If whatever gear you're carrying has a field repair kit, bring it along. And certainly carry a multi-function knife. A multi-tool is a versatile piece of equipment that you can use in a variety of ways in a pinch. A common repair item is duct tape; wrap some around your water bottle or hiking poles to keep it handy. A whistle is a handy tool if you become lost or injured. The sound will travel much farther than your voice will. Three blasts on the whistle is a universal signal for help.
Nutrition. Carry extra food that doesn't need cooking. Jerky, nuts, energy bars, or trail mix travel well. In addition to providing calories, digestion itself helps keep you warm, so nibble a little every now and then, with an extra snack before bed.
Hydration. Hopefully you started out with at least two liters of water per person. In case of an emergency situation when you don't get out of the woods as soon as you expected, you should carry a method for treating water. If you don't want the bulk of a filter, there are chemical treatments that take up very little space. Use your topographic map to scout out possible water sources, and remember that chemical treatments require some time to work.
Shelter. If you're out for a dayhike, you won't be carrying a tent. But you should carry some kind of emergency shelter in case something causes you to spend the night in the wilderness. This could be a lightweight tarp or a space blanket. These provide protection from the elements and can keep you much more comfortable while you wait for daylight.
Having these ten essentials in your daypack can make the difference between an inconvenience and a real emergency. The most important ingredient, though, is something you can't put in the pack. You must have the knowledge to use your survival essentials. Just having the map and compass won't get you unlost. Take the time to learn how to interpret the readings on the compass and the markings on the map. Knowledge is the ultimate lightweight hiking gear.
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Location and History of the Withlacoochee River
The Withlacoochee River in South Georgia was named when the area was inhabited mainly by the Seminole Indians. Since the river made twists and turns, they named it The Withlacoochee River, meaning "crooked river". It starts near Tifton, Georgia and runs into Florida where it joins the famous Suwannee River. The Withlacoochee River became very busy and profitable in the middle 1800's. It took steamboat trade and travelers into Troupeville, Georgia, where my family and I make our home. From our back door, the Withlacoochee River is about 1/4 of a mile through dense outdoors and a trail with deep ruts from many travelers, current and past.
Plant life of the Great Outdoors of the Withlacoochee River
The type of outdoor foliage changes drastically as you approach the river. The trees change from Georgia pines, small to medium hardwoods, and much underbrush to some of the biggest Live Oak trees I have ever seen. Some are several hundred years old. The limbs get so heavy they just fall off from their own weight. Closer to the banks of the Withlacoochee River are rather large cypress and tupelo trees, and multitudes of cypress knees. There are also bracken ferns and low brush plants, such as palmettos and huckleberry. The sandy soil limits what plants can be grown.
Wildlife of the Great Outdoors of the Withlacoochee River
The Great Outdoors of the Withlacoochee River abound with wildlife. Popular activities are hunting of ducks, squirrels, turkey, and deer. For duck hunting on a cold, crisp morning, the hunters need to be in place before dawn. They wait quietly and patiently for the first ring necks and wood ducks to fly in. There are not many chances to make a hit, for about 10 minutes later or when the sun is just above the horizon, the ducks have already reached their feeding areas in low-land river sloughs where they feed on acorns and duckweed. Squirrels are in abundance traveling from one tree to another or on the ground eating acorns. Turkeys and deer can be hunted all day from professionally made hunting blinds and deer stands as high as 20 or 25 feet off the ground. Camouflage clothing and turkey calls are essentials in taking home that 10 to 20 pound turkey for the Thanksgiving table or to never forget the experience with a trip to the taxidermist. The fishing is good on most days. Spend a night of camping and catch a good supper of bream, bass, speckled perch, shellcrackers or catfish. The alligator garfish and mudfish are very large but not edible. The scene is complete as a great blue heron flies in to search for fish. He settles in the water on one foot and waits. The sounds of the pileated woodpeckers compete with cardinals, blue jays, sparrows, and crows.
Recreational Activities of the Great Outdoors of the Withlacoochee River
Enjoy camping, fishing, swimming, hiking, and some of the more unusual recreational activities as arrowhead hunting, photography, and knife throwing. The large live oak trees are perfect for tomahawk throwing or the knife sets especially made for the sport. Many people enjoy kayaking in the larger and deeper sections of the river. In the more shallow areas, large limestone shoals form on the bottom and are difficult to see. As the water flows, sticks and debris gather on the shoals, making them visible and less dangerous for kayaking. Whatever your preference for outdoor recreation, the opportunities of the Withlacoochee River are endless and year round.
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It is true that San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge does not limit its boundaries to Sonoma County alone, but it would be gravely negligent of me to remain silent about its majestic existence along the north shore of San Pablo Bay just because it is shared with two other neighboring counties in northern California; Solano and Napa.
In the not-so-distant past, less than 150 years ago, San Pablo Bay was enveloped by extensive and intricate marshlands perpetually permeated by surging and ebbing tidal waves of the Pacific Ocean and was regarded as one of the largest systems on the western coast of North America. These rich and sprawling swamps provided an ideal environment for aquatic plants which in turn offered safe havens and wealthy feeding grounds for migratory wintering waterfowl such as canvasback ducks, native shore and water birds as well as an abounding assortment of other land and water species.
Spanning over approximately twenty thousand acres, San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge is just one of sixty-seven wildlife refuges in the San Francisco Bay area, that was established in 1974 to restore the delicate equilibrium of the wetlands, to secure threatened wildlife habitats and to protect millions of vulnerable and endangered indigenous species of flora and fauna as well as the countless migratory birds. To accomplish this gargantuan task by attempting to reverse the damage inflicted to the local tidal marshes by expending agricultural, commercial and industrial activities such as hydraulic gold mining in the 1850s at the foothills of the Sierra Nevadas, salt harvesting, rerouting and bleeding its waters and constructing dams, the management of the San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge had formed a partnership with the Department of the Interior, the United .States Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Wildlife Refuge System.
Sadly, only fifteen percent of this natural treasure remains unblemished but there is great hope for the future. Presently, San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge is a protected sanctuary for a thriving year-round local population of the California Clapper and Black Rails, the Salt Marsh Harvest Mice, the Song Sparrows of San Pablo and the Suisun Shrews. Furthermore, San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge is a welcoming winter resort for various species of birds especially the diving ducks, as well as eleven kinds of fish that annually cross the San Pablo Bay to their fresh water spawning grounds.
Now that we have seen what San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge does for wildlife, let us examine what it can do for you and me and I am please to inform you that it can do plenty with a capital "P." Being open to the public every day of the year from sun up to sun down it offers: hands-on educational programs for elementary school classes; off-water fishing in the open bay and sloughs accessible by boats; hunting grounds which are subject to State and Federal regulations and seasonal restriction; hiking and walking trails; and wildlife viewing and capturing on film.
And if you wish to turn your visit to San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge into a true vacation, you will find plenty of charming, rustic and beautifully maintained local accommodations such as B&Bs and inns.
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